Wal-Mart Operations Management Analysis - 1276 Words

INTRODUCTION Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., the largest company in the world, has achieved leadership in the retail industry as a result of its efficient supply chain management practices. Setting record sales and earnings for fiscal year 2008, Wal-Mart’s total net sales were $374.5 billion, an 8.6 percent increase over the previous fiscal year and a record for any retailer. Wal-Mart’s mission to ‘save people money so they can live better’ has impacted more than 176 million consumers in thirteen countries. A global company, Wal-Mart has positioned itself as the unbeatable price leader in offering a variety of affordable products that range from health and beauty, to apparel and jewelry to electronics and food items. While expansion,†¦show more content†¦Cross-docking refers to the packing of products on incoming shipments so that they can be easily sorted at intermediate warehouses for outgoing shipments based on their final destinations. Thus Wal-Mart benefits through reductions in inventory investment, storage space requirements, handling costs and lead times, as well as increased inventory turnover and accelerated cash flow. In understanding that inventory management must include the entire supply chain, Wal-Mart’s implementation of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology at its dock doors enables operations teams and suppliers know when a shipment arrives. The data is useful to determine when to order additional stock or to figure out if a store has over ordered. Similarly, Wal-Mart has implemented Collaborative Forecasting and Replenishment (CFAR) software to help provide more reliable medium-term forecasts by using the Internet. The system allows Wal-Mart and its suppliers to work together in determining an acceptable forecast. Wal-Mart has since benefited from an improvement in in-stock position from 85 percent to 98 percent as well as increases in sales and reductions in inventory costs. Wal-Mart invests time in meeting vendors to fully understand their cost structure in order to negotiate prices and establish a lasting, mutually beneficial relationship. Wal-Mart shares proprietary knowledge and processes with suppliers in order to improve quality and eliminate unnecessary cost inShow MoreRelatedOperational Planning for Wal-Mart1747 Words   |  7 PagesOperational Planning for Wal-Mart Introduction The first Wal-Mart was opened in Rogers, Arkansas, in 1962. By 1969 it was incorporated into Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., and in 1972 went public on the New York Stock Exchange. The company grew steadily across the United States, and by 1990 was the nations largest retailer. In 1991 and 1994, Wal-Mart moved into Mexico and Canada respectively. By 1997 it was incorporated into the Dow Jones Industrial Average. 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Marketing Audit Barriers case study Nokia Essay Example For Students

Marketing Audit Barriers : case study Nokia Essay Assignment on Marketing planning Unit 19 Assignment-1:Marketing Audit A ; Barriers Task- 1 Introduction of Nokia Nokia is a nomadic company who are committed to linking people. In September 2013, Nokia announced to come in into an understanding with Microsoft. Nokia physique with combined advanced engineering with individualized services, which makes people to remain near. Nokia plans to concentrate on three established concern in the market segments where NSN is leader in web substructure and services. Nokia established their concern in many topographic points around the universe as Brazil- Manus established in 1998, China- Beijing established in 1995, Hungary- Komaron established in 1999, India- Chennai established in 2006. Nokia president and interim CEO is Risto Siilasmaa. Around the universe, 1.3 billion people are linking Nokia device with nomadic phone to ache phone and work with high public presentation nomadic computing machines every twenty-four hours. Integrating Nokia device with advanced services through Ovi clients may be able to download music, Google maps, apps, electronic mail and more. So globally, Nokia provides solutions and services for communicating web. 1.1 A ; 1.2 Changing position and rating of organisation’s capableness for be aftering its hereafter selling activity Nokia is concentrating on cardinal concern countries like high-end smart phones and mass-market Mobile phones where each unit sections will see net income and loss duty including merchandise development, merchandise direction and merchandise selling for all client experiences. Nokia is making a new leading squad and operation construction by which they plan for future selling activity. Nokia is establishing new smart phone like Nokia Lumia 925, 630, 520. These symbian Smartphone is making a winning windows phone when other phone companies are updating mobile phone applications, Nokia was go oning to concentrating on nomadic phone devices instead than mobile phone applications. Therefore Nokia missed the major alterations in Smartphone revolution of its market as the client passage from traditional nomadic phones to ache phones, which the other phones companies are marketing inexpensive French telephone with assorted characteristics. The monetary value of Nokia was relatively high. The concern of Nokia has become merchandise focused instead than client focal point. So, Nokia missed the chance. But now Nokia has updated their French telephones and added some particular applications and characteristics like music, Google maps, apps, electronic mail, games med ia sharing, on-line shop etc in their smarts phones. As the clients of Nokia can download from ovi shops online and they can besides download figure of programmes and nomadic package for force. In add-on, Nokia website provides the solution of the job of their consumer’s device and package. Hence, the mark of Nokia is to linking people. Therefore, it can be said that Nokia can distribute their concern in the hereafter by updating their hardware and adding some sole characteristics in their merchandise. 1.3 Organizational auditing and analysing of external factors and techniques that might impact selling planning Definition of SWOT analysis: SWOT analysis is used to analysis company’s state of affairs by which it evaluates the company’s overall strength, failing, chances and menaces. ( Ferrel A ; Hartline,2012 ) SWOT analysis of Nokia: Positive Negative Internal Strength Failing Opportunities Menaces External Diagram of SWOT analysis Strength Nokia is the world’s biggest manufacturer, industry and distributer of cell phones. Nokia phones are long lasting, lasting and dependable. Around the universe, Nokia is taking the planetary cell phone industry. Nokia follows all manner schemes with new coevals characteristics and manner from industries. Nokia work force works with advanced engineering. Nokia has assortment of merchandise in different monetary value scope. Failing Nokia net income border has dropped 40 % in 2010. ( Bloomberg.com/ new 2010-07-22 ) Nokia phones monetary values are higher comparison to other cell phone. Some theoretical account of Nokia phones has been cancelled by the distributer due to low market demand, like E-71. Nokia has few serving Centre comparison to other phone company. Opportunities Today in Asia nomadic phone industry is one of the fastest turning industry. Because the population is higher in Asia beside than other continent. Hence Nokia has the chance to catch these market. Nokia has tremendous demand of possible in developing states like China, India, and Bangladesh. Nokia has chance to do net incomes by selling nomadic phone in different states. In Asia immature people wants fashionable and stylish French telephones, which Nokia has. Peoples from different income group can take Nokia French telephone harmonizing to their budget. Burmese Days Analysis EssayMenaces of substitute’s merchandises Nokia has broad scope of nomadic phones with different characteristics and monetary values. So all people can able to purchase the nomadic phone with their budget. Old people besides prefer Nokia nomadic phones because it is easy to run. Nokia follows all manner schemes with new coevals characteristics and manner so client get more attracted. Menaces of substitute’s merchandises Nokia do non much client attention Centre, if any client stay really far, they might utilize other trade name mobile phone which client attention are available. Nokia smart phones are capable of batch of map beside there are many utility maps where client might purchase e.g. digital camera which takes better exposures than smart phones. Customers rely on nomadic phones and they expect all the maps will be at that place on their French telephone if some maps or characteristics are non at that place the client might travel and purchase other trade name smart phones. Competitive competition Nokia make smart phone like Nokia Lumia which are symbian package windows phones besides their challengers already by Android mobile phones which are more advanced such trade names are Samsung, Symphony etc. so there is really small distinction between the rivals which means new smart phones like Nokia Lumia will happen hard to contend with their rivals. So competitory competition is really is really high and Nokia must be cognizant of the menace that rivals have on their concern. 1.4 Organizational auditing and analysis of external factors that affect marketing planning of the company Porter 5 force analysis affect marketing planning of Nokia Porter five-force analysis affect selling planning of Nokia by assisting to understand Nokia strength of current place of the company. Porter 5 force analysis helps to cognize the company Nokia which are impacting others companies to come in the market. It besides helps to cognize whether the other companies are impacting Nokia merchandise as a menace of utility merchandise for their lower monetary values or better public presentation. It besides know how dependent the company is to their providers are available, which provider are giving goods at lower monetary value. The company Nokia should cognize their get downing power to purchasers like how many clients can purchase their merchandise within their scope. Compare to other companies Nokia is carry throughing client demands by given new coevals characteristics with attractive manner. By making porter 5 force analysis it helps Nokia to make marketing be aftering like how Nokia will make this concern in approaching yearss. Task- 2 2.1 The chief barriers to marketing planning for Nokia The chief barrier of marketing planning of Nokia is that Nokia has deficiency of cognition and selling accomplishments. There is deficiency of systematic attack in marketing planning. Nokia is confused between the selling map and selling construct. Their tactics and concern scheme is good. Comparing to other companies Nokia is non conveying new merchandise with hi-tech characteristics within a short period of clip where Samsung, Symphony can. The monetary value of nomadic phone is relatively high than other companies harmonizing to the characteristics and applications of nomadic phone. Therefore, they can non contend with their rivals. 2.2 How to get the better of barriers To get the better of these barriers Nokia should re-examine their market scheme and selling accomplishments. To contend with rivals Nokia can split into smaller market section where the suited merchandise for that chosen market section. Nokia should moo the monetary value of their nomadic phone and they besides should add more characteristics and applications in the phone. Nokia should increase their advertisement and publicity, these is how Nokia may able to get the better of their barriers. Mentions lt ; World Wide Web. Nokia.com/ global/about us gt ; Ferrell, O.C and Hartline, M. ( 2012 ) ,Selling Scheme, 6Thursdayedition, UK: Cengage Learning. Ruth, M. ( 2010 ) ,Management of hazard, Ireland, TSO Henry, A. ( 2011 ) ,Understanding Strategic direction, UK, Oxford University Press 1

Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario

Abstract Recent researches show that the rate of suicide among the First Nations young people is increasingly frightening, more so among Aboriginal people of North Ontario region of Canada.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Estimates show that the rate of suicide among Aboriginal is 2-3 times higher as compared to that of non-Aboriginals of Canada (Health Canada, 2003) and when the overall youth population is analyzed, estimates show that Aboriginal youth suicide rate is 5-6 times higher than that of non-Aboriginal youth (Health Canada, 2003). Numerous factors have been cited to cause suicide among the Aboriginal people such as socio-psychological, economical, political, religious and cultural (Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, n.d). The government together with other stakeholders has establi shed numerous suicide prevention strategies, but as many researchers and analysts state, the program has largely failed to accomplish the stated goals, thus suicide cases and rates are still prevalent and high. Therefore, the emphasis of this paper will be to evaluate the Suicide policy in Aboriginal communities in Northern Ontario and provide recommendations for possible re-invention of the policy. Keywords: Aboriginal, suicide, action research, policy, policy re-invention. Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario The issue of suicide in society has attracted numerous literatures where each piece of writing tries to explain the origin or source of suicide. Such literatures utilize the numerous theories that exist in explaining and analyzing the issue of suicide. Today, there are many theories that have been formulated by many researchers, which explain why people commit suicide in society.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences ? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example in 1935, Freud formulated a theory, which postulated that people commit suicide to express their aggressive behaviors (Johnson, 2010, p.36). Shneidman and Farberow (1957) had a theory where they examined suicide in the context of comparing individuals with others using indicators of social acceptance. On his part, Durkheim (1979) argued that suicide results from absence of social integration and social regulation (Johnson, 2010). Further, to Linehan (1993), suicide can be explained as a process which individual opts to in order to eliminate pain and suffering especially when the individual lacks appropriate coping mechanisms (Johnson, 2010). Jamison (1999) was categorical on the issue of suicide where he noted that suicide manifested a wide impacts of pain and continuous disappointment among the victim and when such victims choose to terminate their lives, the general impression is that their life is characterized by absence of appropriate coping mechanisms (Johnson, 2010). All these theories foster one important aspect about suicide, which is; suicide, as a concept is multidimensional and complex problem, which makes it more difficult to make assessment and treatment, but at the same time, it is clear that almost all suicides share some mental conditions. Suicide among the Aboriginal communities The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Committee identifies suicide as a special and urgent issue among the Aboriginal people. The observation of the committee is that Aboriginal people have un-addressed internal anguish that threatens to overpower them. The committee describes the causes of suicide among the Aboriginals to be â€Å"the expression of a kind of collective anguish-part grief, part anger-tearing at the minds and hearts of many people. This anguish is the cumulative effect of 300 years of colonial history: lands occupied, resources seized, beliefs and cu ltures ridiculed, children taken away, power concentrated in distant capitals, and hopes for honorable co-existence dashed over and over again† (Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Committee, n.d).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Center for Suicide Prevention, in its publication, notes that during the pre-European contact era, suicide among the Aboriginal population in Canada was uncommon, and that suicide rates escalated during the past few decades. At the same time, in 1999, Health Canada established that suicide and self-injury cases had increased to assume the leading position as major cause of death among young people and adults up to about the age of 44 (cited in Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003). During the same year, it was established that suicide and self-injury reported ca ses accounted for almost 38 per cent of deaths among the adolescents and young people while deaths among adults stood at 23 per cent (Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003). Conducting another research in 1995, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples established that the rate of suicide among the Aboriginal population was three times more when compared with the general population of Canada (cited in Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003). From the year 2000, the rate of Aboriginal suicide has been estimated to be twice that of overall national rate (Austin, 2010, p.949) and from 1999 to 2003 in Inuit regions, the rate of suicide has been ten times when compared with the national rate (Austin, 2010, p.949). Notably, adolescents who have Indian registration status are believed to be more likely to die from suicide than the average Canadian adolescent is (Austin, 2010). Calling it an ‘epidemic’ The Edmonton Journal article observed that the rate of suicide in the whole nati on of Canada was particularly higher among the Inuit population, where suicide cases among the population was estimated to be seven times the national rate which was 11.3 cases of suicides for every 100,000 persons (The Edmonton Journal, 2007, p.1). Summarizing these astonishing data the article noted that suicide in the country had, â€Å"overshadowed communities even the healthy communities† (The Edmonton Journal, 2007, p.1).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These suicide rates for Aboriginal population may not be accurate since there have been some cases of underreporting. For instance, data information collected by the Statistics Canada are only for those who have Aboriginal status hence excluding non-status First Nations groups such as Mà ©tis and the Inuit people (Austin, 2010). Further, the rate of suicides that can be regarded to be accidental among the Aboriginal people is 4-5 times higher than that of the general population, and almost 25 per cent of these deaths may be from suicide (White and Johnson, 2003 cited in Austin, 2010). At the same time, although it is a clear fact that suicide rate is higher among the Aboriginal population as compared to other Canadians, it must also be recognized that not every Aboriginal community in Canada experiences high rates of suicide (White and Jodoin, 2003 cited in Austin, 2010). There exist marked differences that are able to be observed between provinces, regions and also between the var ious communities found in a similar geographical region. For example, while carrying out study for British Columbia’s Aboriginal communities, Chandler and Lalonde (1998) established that some particular communities possessed suicide rates of about 800 times when compared to the national average whereas in other communities suicide rate was totally unknown by the people (cited in Austin, 2010). Contributing factors to suicide among Aboriginal Numerous factors have been identified and explained and the conclusion has been that, in one way or in multiple ways, the factors have contributed to suicide among the Aboriginal. For instance, Minore, Boone, Katt, and Kinch (1991) identify key factors, which they term to be internal to the individual and that have the ability to lad an individual to commit suicide. These internal factors are categorized into four groups: inter-personal relationships, suicide specific experiences, cultural grounding and future anxiety (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). Interpersonal relationships have to do largely with the individual’s family and peer friends and most young people claim that they commit suicide as a result of little or no communication between parents and children, children having feelings that they are not loved or wanted and also lack of experiencing quality love as a child, and stress as a result of failed relationships for the adolescents (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). Suicidal specific experiences have also been identified whereby specific suicide experiences are believed to have strong effect particularly on the adolescents. These experiences manifest themselves as ‘a contagion factor’ where cluster patterns of deaths have occurred. This is stimulated by unresolved bereavement or grief which may encourage adolescents to follow suit of their colleagues who commit suicide (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). The third factor has been associated with the level of cultural awaren ess especially among the adolescents. What is evident is that there exist a wide age gap between the youth and elders among the Aboriginal communities and sadly, the elders are failing to transfer the wisdom of Aboriginal community to the young generation. As such, lack of connectedness to the Aboriginal culture and language is facilitating suicidal cases in the population (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). The article by Edmonton Journal identifies that the rate of suicide is influenced by factors such as deteriorating and unsupportive economy coupled with unemployment, rampant use of drugs and alcohol, mental illness and sexual abuse (Edmonton Journal, 2007, p.1). On their part, three authors Dorin, Kaltemback and Rahal (2007) observe that many Aboriginal people have found themselves trapped in a vicious circle of unemployment, poverty and low esteem, the paramount factors that encourage youth to destroy themselves. Leenaars (1998) on his part conducts an extensive study of fa ctors that lead to suicide deaths among the northerners of Canada who largely are Aboriginal and his findings indicate that the northerners of Canada are engaged in chronic self-destructive behaviors. The author identifies the Inuit adolescents as worst affected group in which suicide deaths takes place. Further, the author categorizes the factors as psychobiological factors, life history or situational factors and the socio-economic factors (Leenaars, 1998, p.354). Writing on the same topic, Irwin (1985) and Tsai (1989) identifies other key factors that contribute to suicide deaths among the Aboriginal such as: breakdown of cultural values and traditions, a lack of effective role models and leadership, the breakdown of the family unit, a lack of parenting and interpersonal skills, inability to express feelings, failure of the school system to address needs, unemployment, misuse of alcohol and loss of or blurred identity (cited in Leenaars, 1998). Other studies by Armstrong et al. ( 1978) and Dacks (1981) identified the negative effects of ‘internal colonialism’ in the northern region of Canada. The position adopted by the researchers was that this kind of internal colonialism resulted into acculturation and dependency, and as a result, numerous social problems were being experiencing by the northern communities. Such social problems include; high rates of criminal prosecutions and school drop-outs, high birth rates in Canada and rampant chronic depression, intense and unmanageable jealous, anger, and violence among most youths in the northern region. Such crude environment was portent to accelerate cases of suicides among the residents of the region (Leenaars, 1998). O’Neil (1986) on his part did extensive study of the Init youth where he concluded that the source of stress among youth of this community have less to do with change only rather have to do more with political and economic structures with constraints individual and community ef forts to establish meaningful and rewarding social environments (cited in Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). Further, the author noted that majority of the northerners generally internalize their frustrations and accept failure as the result of personal shortcomings. This tendency was the main factor in promoting lack of self-esteem among most youths that in turn led to cases of suicides. O’Neil summarizes his findings by noting that, â€Å"in sum the suicide profile is personal: isolated individuals lacking in self-esteem, but it is also social: the result of cultures shattered on structural barriers† (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991, p.14). Existing Policy structure to help the Aboriginal communities Almost everybody in Canada acknowledges that there is an ‘epidemic’ as many Aboriginal youth succumb to suicide deaths. The Canadian government and other stakeholders have developed numerous policy frameworks with aim of addressing the issue of Aborig inal suicide deaths. Currently, Royal Mounted Canadian Police (RCMP) has become one of the key institutions in Canada developing, facilitating, and influencing strategic priorities for the Aboriginal population (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009). RCMP has established close ties with Aboriginal communities where the organization is involved in providing policing services to the communities and the services have evolved to become culturally competent. For instance, RCMP claims that, â€Å"we continue to influence public policy, provide policing services in hundreds of communities across Canada, and work closely with Aboriginal groups to develop innovative policing approaches that meet their distinctive needs† (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009, p.1). RCMP has an organ known as National Aboriginal Policing Services (NAPS) that has for time being involved in â€Å"planning, developing and managing the organization’s strategies and initiatives for working with Aborigi nal communities† (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009, p.1). Some of the programs NAPS fosters include: â€Å"Aboriginal Youth Training Program; White Stone-Youth Aboriginal Advisory Committee; Aboriginal Perceptions Training; Inuit Perceptions Training; Community Profiles-online reports about the detachment activities in specific communities; Annual Performance Plans, which address an offense or negative social issue that concerns the community† (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009,p.1). White Stone program which is a national program trains Aboriginal youth in matters of care giving, suicide prevention and risk identification. Although the above policy may form one of the success policy frameworks in addressing the issues of the Aboriginal, other past efforts to create policy for the communities failed. For example, Armitage, (1995) notes that for the last one, half century, Canada has applied European social policy to the people of Aboriginal, and consequently, most of the policies have failed. To the author the social policies failed greatly to achieve any of the initial objectives of protection, assimilation and integration. The reasons for these failures include; assumption of racial superiority of the European, the attitude of the colonialist which largely became insensitive and imposed the policy without consultation. Further the failure was due to inability of the professional practice to mould aboriginal children (Armitage, 1995). The author suggests that as a result of the failed social policies, there was need for the development of an alternative policy based on several principles. First, Aboriginal culture to be recognized as possessing integrity and therefore to be respected; second, Aboriginal should be given freedom to enjoy the right to change and incorporate European ideas to their cultures; and finally, Aboriginal peoples have the right to the legal and material resources that are essential to guarantee alternative policies suc cess (Armitage, 1995). David et al. (n.d) discovered that most of the earlier policies paid attention to individual causation factors and therefore, the policy formulated in turn did not address the needs of the Aboriginal people. The authors proposed a holistic approach to the study of the Aboriginal people before coming up with a holistic approach to address their needs. As such, the authors proposed the Intergenerational Trauma Model which has the ability to access the consequences of intergenerational trauma across four systems (David et al., n.d). The conviction of the authors was that less emphasis was paid by the government policies to the culture of the Aboriginal, how individuals in these communities interact with their caregivers, and how individuals interact with their birth communities. The authors acknowledged the fact that most policy frameworks had recognized and proposed for culturally relevant and culturally congruent policies, little had been done to provide for a lifelong treatment models in a continuum-support approach (David et al., n.d). The authors summarize their study by noting that policies that only focus on helping people meet their personal needs are likely in ineffective way address the underlying causes of problems experienced by the Aboriginal people. Citing studies done by other researchers, the authors state that data on the rate of youth suicide in Aboriginal communities indicate a strong correlation between programs that promote positive self-image, well-being, and reduced suicides rates in the Aboriginal communities (David et al., n.d). Therefore, the authors are convinced that it is a holistic approach with ability to reconstruct the links between the individual, family, community, and the Aboriginal nation, which can adequately address the suicide issue Among the Aboriginal (David et al., n.d). Integrating Action research methodologies into Aboriginal policy Action research, since its discovery, has been involved with pra ctical issues; the kind of issues and problems, concerns and needs that arise as a routine part of activity in the real world (Winter and Munn-Giddings, 2001). The practical orientation of action research has also meant that the research is largely aimed at changing things with guiding notion that research should not only be used to gain a better understanding of the problems which arise in everyday practice but should also have the capacity to alter things. Kemshall and Littlechild (2000) observe that participation has become a key issue in the current social policy literature (cited in Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). Action research promotes service user involvement in research and often service user known as wider involvement is linked with emancipatory or empowerment research (Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). Evans and Fisher (1999) observe that service users are the ones to be given the role of identifying the need for the research rather than joining in on research projects that have been id entified already (cited in Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). Generally, social research starts with open-ended inquiry where there are no already preconceived ideas and concepts, rather all the concerned people with interest in the program are incorporated here they identify the focus of the research (Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). The people participate in refining the objectives for the research, forming methods and also interpreting the data collected. The essence of action research is to promote collaboration among the people affected and involved in the research process. In all its operation, action research operates on three main tenets: the agenda should be created and defined by those affected or with interest in the issue. Research should be based on partnership between professional researchers and the affected groups, and lastly, the research should be based on recognition that all people possess the capacity to be creative and be part of creating change, hence need for collaboration (Lo wes and Hulatt, 2005). Re-inventing suicide policy for the Aboriginal communities Numerous research and data exist on how effective suicide and other problems facing the Aboriginal communities of northern Canada can be approached. According to Warry (1998), an effective policy to address suicide among the Aboriginal communities should be designed with the goals of community development, cultural revitalization, improved economic opportunities, and the existence of Aboriginal political control. Warry further observes that suicide among the Aboriginal communities can be viewed both in terms of metaphoric and symbolic (Warry, 1998) and the solution to this need be characterized by Aboriginal people being given time, resources and power to control their own lives and improve their communities. To achieve this, political will is necessary and a vision from Canadian leaders (Warry, 1998). On their part, McCaslin and Boyer (2009) suggested that to realize an effective policy that has capac ity to function, there should be an ongoing commitment and collaboration of community members, social health professionals and all levels of Canadian government. The authors predict that, in the long-run culturally appropriate mechanisms will be the best way to resolve suicide deaths in the communities. Chandler (1998), while suggesting on methods of preventing suicide in Aboriginal communities, he recommended that policy to address the issue should take into consideration the following key factors: land claims, self-government, education services, police and fire services, health services and cultural facilities (cited in Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003 ). Warry, providing recommendations in his report of, ‘Choosing Life’, notes that for effective solution to the Aboriginal problems especially suicide, intervention strategies should be tailored-made based on three broad categories. These include, the development of community-based crisis intervention; the sustained commitment to culturally appropriate, holistic health promotion; and long-term community healing strategies to improve the overall mental-health environment for Aboriginal children, youth and families (Warry, 1998). From the above recommendations, it is clear that for an effective policy on suicide among the Aboriginal communities, there should be collaboration efforts between key stakeholders and action research is paramount. At the same time, recognition and respect of the Aboriginal cultures is necessary and lastly, empowerment of the Aboriginal people is necessary to guarantee any policy initiative success. Guided by the immense literature and analysis of the numerous policy framework of Canada for the Aboriginal people, the following is a re-invented proposed policy that can be used to intervene in the issue of suicide among the Aboriginals. Constructing Aboriginal worldviews No policy initiative can take place and succeed without first having a clear worldview of the Aborigin al people. Worldview of any group of people affects their belief systems, decision making, assumptions and modes of problem solving (Ibrahim, 1984 cited in Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). LaFromboise, Trimble and Mohatt (1990) analyses the concept of worldview and suggest that, â€Å"knowledge of and respect for an Aboriginal worldview and value system which varies according to individual’s tribe, level of acculturation and other personal characteristics is fundamental not only for creating the trusting relationship of cooperation but also in helping and defining the intervention style or approach most appropriate for each individual† (cited in Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009, p.338). Creating balance in the intervention program An effective intervention policy among the Aboriginal people should be able to address the dimensions of the self, which include mental, physical, emotional and spiritual as equal parts of a larger whole (Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). When any of these is isolated then the whole program or policy will become dysfunctional. Balance is essential for the Aboriginal people since they view the world to be balance of transcendental forces, human beings and the natural environment. Connectedness/involvement of the community Aboriginals are in great capacity interconnected where the cultures of the communities is seen to be a series of relationships that start with the family (Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). For the various problems prevalent in the communities, it has been suggested that the best place to create and implement programs to deal with such problems is in the community itself (Nelson and McCoy, 1992 cited in Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). Further, it has been observed that when externally designed systems and policies are imported to the communities they are likely to fail (Health Canada, 2003). Hence, there is need for community engagement where both the parents and the youth should be included in developing the ap propriate policy, expounding values and also shaping the results of precedence issues (Health Canada, 2003). Guarantee cultural stability In essence, cultural stability involves the process of transmitting knowledge, values and identity from one generation to another in any particular community (Health Canada, 2003). Transmission has to take place with a great sense and consideration of individual and collective health and wellbeing, belief with confidence in future whereby decisions made now have impact for the future as the culture of the people is concerned. The essence here is that, there should be a constant re-creation and re-invention of Aboriginal community practices in a way that respect, uphold, connect and honor the past. Capacity building Capacity building needs to be the ground upon which any meaningful policy operates. Capacity building should be enhanced and foster in order to improve the knowledge and skills of the Aboriginal communities so that in future the communi ties are able to tackle and find solution to the various problems affecting them (Health Canada, 2003). The policy should ensure that youth are empowered in terms of learning and acquiring skills which they can use to resolve problems affecting them. At the same time, government role should be to provide key resources to facilitate the capacity building in different levels of the communities. Effective capacity building should be promoted in key areas of economy, education, governance, and health of the Aboriginal communities. Conclusion Suicide is a problem that continues to affect the Aboriginal communities of Northern Ontario. Various intervention measures have been designed with aim of helping families and other groups to deal with the issue, but as statistics continue to show, suicide is still an ‘epidemic’ in the region. Aboriginal people are victims to cruel colonial system, isolation, discrimination and unfair justice but continue to find solace in their culture and religion. To effectively initiate and implant a policy that can address the issue of suicide, key stakeholders need to recognize the critical role of action research, which, apart from inquiring it has the ability to seek ‘relevant’ solution to key problems. Further, effective policy framework will only work for the Aboriginal communities when the particular policy is able to address community involvement, empowerment, and decentralization of decision making organs, respect of the Aboriginal culture and promotion of collaboration. References Armitage, A. (1995). Comparing the policy of aboriginal assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Vancouver, UBC Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=Y-hBstoLN-MCpg=PA238dq=policy+for+Aboriginal+suicide+victims+in+Canadahl=enei=UCOvTL-nDM7Q4waX9IStBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. Austin. (2010). Psychiatric and mental health nursing for Canadian practice. Lippinco tt Williams Wilkins. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=_ioMN2DNrdoCpg=PA949dq=Suicide+Among+Canadian+Aboriginal+Peopleshl=enei=eeeuTLqaEZO54Ablg5HzBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=Suicide%20Among%20Canadian%20Aboriginal%20Peoplesf=false. Center for Suicide Prevention. (2003). Suicide among Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:7nyc0PYaYRQJ:www.suicideinfo.ca/csp/assets/alert52.pdf+sucide+rates+among+the+Aboriginals+of+Canadahl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESj33WEBojx_0v2j8w_msXVrO3PevHfv4V4e3zVJDkSzZp1RPM_o1u7Mf2mzD15SFv6iksq0iVZuvG93YE7nuwxcBd_bDtXTHtBnz3V1o67m4WJnFwq8OLZDuaPZVI5NNe8NvbsJsig=AHIEtbS1fnGVzps58jGlBV-Iqs12R8oTWA. David, H. et al. (N.d). Finding Home: Policy Options for Addressing Homelessness in Canada. Toronto, the Homeless Hub Publishers. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=aHemBXz1sZECpg=PT606dq=policy+for+Aboriginal+suicide+victims+in+Canadahl=enei=UCOvTL- nDM 7Q4waX9IStBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false Dorin, J., Kaltemback, M. and Rahal, S. (2007). Canadian Civilization. Presses Univ. du Mirail. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=0v2JgD5HcMMCpg=PA49dq=factors+causing+Suicide+Among+Canadian+Aboriginal+Peopleshl=enei=NgOvTPH8CouM4gbq9MTxBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Edmonton Journal. (2007). Aboriginal suicide rate ‘epidemic’. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. Retrieved from http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=b40747b2-00fe-49bc-8609-1d90c33b5360. Health Canada. (2003). Acting on What We Know: Preventing Youth Suicide in First Nations. Advisory Group on Suicide Prevention. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vpid=gmailattid=0.6thid=12b8a89cb70dd941mt=application/pdfurl=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Dd7ba9de1c1%26view%3Datt%26th%3D12b8a89cb70dd941%26attid%3D0.6%26disp%3Dattd%26zwsig=AHIEtbRW9UKhY uDt7ggR3aE29EFq7ZZoCA. Johnson, O. N. (2010). Blue Wall of Silence: Perceptions of the Influence of Training on Law Enforcement Suicide. FL, Universal-Publishers. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=vOd6MFZ-72MCpg=PA36dq=theories+of+suicidehl=enei=-dquTJaJNsfm4wb3x4nOBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=theories%20of%20suicidef=false. Kirmayer, L. J. and Valaskakis, G. G. (2009). Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Vancouver, UBC Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=AXYDxvx3zSACpg=PA243dq=RE-INVENTING+CANADIAN+ABORIGINAL+SUICIDE+POLICYhl=enei=7hKwTOfrNIiP4gbIld39Bgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Leenaars, A. A. (1998). Suicide in Canada. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=spGsTJFoMTACpg=PA354dq=factors+causing+Suicide+Among+Canadian+Aboriginal+Peopleshl=enei=NgOvTPH8CouM4gbq9MTxBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum= 6ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageqf=false. Lowes, L. and Hulatt, I. (2005). Involving service users in health and social care research. NY, Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=h1NokQrEAH4Cpg=PA66dq=social+action+researchhl=enei=xwSwTOWkBI214gbg0IjiBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=social%20action%20researchf=false. McCaslin, W. D. and Boyer, Y. (2009). First Nations Communities at risk and in crisis: Justice and Security. Journal of Aboriginal Health. Retrieved from http://www.naho.ca/jah/english/jah05_02/V5_I2_Communities_03.pdf. Minore, B., Boone, M., Katt, M. and Kinch, R. (1991). Looking in, Looking out: Coping with Adolescent suicide in the Cree and Ojibway Communities of Northern Ontario. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vpid=gmailattid=0.3thid=12b8a89cb70dd941mt=application/pdfurl=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Dd7ba9de1c1%26view%3Datt%26th%3D12b8a89cb70dd941%26attid%3D0.3%26disp%3Dattd%26zwsig=AHIEtbSjv afaOrRNiDlXOuQLOSfAxGupZw. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. (N.d). Suicide: Suicide among Canada’s First Nations. Retrieved from http://www.religioustolerance.org/sui_nati.htm. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2009). Serving Canada’s Aboriginal People. Retrieved from http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/aboriginal-autochtone/abo-aut-eng.htm. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Committee. (N.d). Choosing Life: Special Report on Suicide among Aboriginal People. Retrieved from http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/resourcecentre/ResourceView/2/2851 Warry, W. (1998). Unfinished dreams: community healing and the reality of aboriginal self-government. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=7xNuPgi_-PMCpg=PA142dq=policy+for+Aboriginal+suicide+victims+in+Canadahl=enei=UCOvTL-nDM7Q4waX9IStBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false. Winter, R. and Munn-Giddings, C. (2001). A handbook for action research in health and so cial care. NY, Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=5korMs_qC3ICprintsec=frontcoverdq=social+action+researchhl=enei=xwSwTOWkBI214gbg0IjiBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false. This research paper on Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario was written and submitted by user Amani Dale to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Genealogy Research in Great Britain

Genealogy Research in Great Britain Once youve explored as much of your family tree as you can online, its time to head to Britain and the land of your ancestors. Nothing can compare to visiting the places where your ancestors once lived, and on-site research offers access to a variety of records that arent available elsewhere.   England Wales: If your family tree leads you to England or Wales, then London is a good place to start your research. This is where youll find most of Englands major repositories. Most people begin with the Family Records Centre, jointly operated by the General Register Office and the National Archives, as it holds the original indexes to the births, marriages and deaths registered in England and Wales from 1837. There are also other collections available for research, such as death duty registers, census returns and the Prerogative Court of Canterbury wills. If your short on research time, however, most of these records can also be searched online (most for a fee) in advance of your trip. Located within walking distance of the Family Records Centre, the library of the Society of Genealogists in London is another excellent place to start your search for British ancestry. Here youll find many published family histories and the largest collection of transcribed parish registers in England. The library also has census records for all of the British Isles, city directories, poll lists, wills, and an advice desk where you can get expert suggestions on how and where to continue your research. The National Archives in Kew, outside of London, has many records that are not available elsewhere, including nonconformist church records, probates, letters of administration, military records, taxation records, association oath rolls, maps, parliamentary papers, and court records. This is generally not the best place to start your research, but is a must-visit for anyone looking to follow up clues found in more basic records such as census enumerations and parish registers. The National Archives, which covers England, Wales and the central UK government, is especially important for anyone researching members of the armed forces. Before you visit, be sure to check out their online catalog and comprehensive research guides. Other important research repositories in London include the Guildhall Library, home to the parish records of the City of London and records of city guilds; the British Library, most notable for its manuscripts and Oriental and India Office collections; and the London Metropolitan Archives, which houses records of metropolitan London. For further Welsh research, the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth is the main center for family history research in Wales. There you will find copies of parish registers and family collections of deeds, pedigrees and other genealogical material, as well as all wills proved in the Welsh diocesan courts. The twelve County Record Offices of Wales hold copies of the indexes for their respective areas, and most also hold microfilm copies of records such as census returns. Most also hold their local parish registers dating back to 1538 (including some that arent also kept at the National Library of Wales).   Scotland: In Scotland, most of the main national archives and genealogical repositories are housed in Edinburgh. This is where youll find the General Register Office of Scotland, which holds civil birth, marriage and death records from 1 January 1855, plus census returns and parish registers. Next door, the National Archives of Scotland preserves a host of genealogical material, including wills and testaments from the 16th century to the present day. Just down the road lies the National Library of Scotland where you can search trade and street directories, professional directories, family and local histories and an extensive map collection. The Library and Family History Centre of the Scottish Genealogy Society is also located in Edinburgh, and houses a unique collection of family histories, pedigrees and manuscripts.   Go Local Once youve explored the national and specialist repositories, the next stop is generally the county or municipal archive. This is also a good place to start if your time is limited and you are definite about the area where your ancestors lived. Most county archives include microfilm copies of national records, such as certificate indexes and census records, as well as important county collections, such as local wills, land records, family papers and parish registers. ARCHON, hosted by the National Archives, includes contact details for archives and other record repositories within the UK. Check the regional directory to find county archives, university archives and other unique resources in your area of interest.   Explore Your History Be sure to leave time on your journey to visit the places where your ancestors once lived, and explore the history of your family. Use census and civil registration records to identify the addresses where your ancestors resided, take a trip to their parish church or the cemetery where they are buried, enjoy dinner in a Scottish castle, or visit a specialty archive or museum to learn more about how your ancestors lived. Look for interesting stops such as the National Coal Museum in Wales; the West Highland Museum in Fort William, Scotland; or the National Army Museum in Chelsea, England. For those with Scottish roots, Ancestral Scotland offers a number of clan-themed iteneraries to help you walk in your ancestors footsteps.

Cultural analysis of Inda Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cultural analysis of Inda - Research Paper Example It climate varies from the temperate in north to tropical monsoon in south. Its topography includes the â€Å"upland plain in the south, flat and rolling plain along the Ganges, Himalayas in north and deserts in west† (Vohra, 2001). Extended families in India are experiencing challenges due to modernization and a high cost of living that encourages individuals to keep small families. Others believe that rights of an individual should supersede family matters. As result, people live in small nuclear families. However, extended families are found in rural India where people still uphold their traditions. They consist of father, mother, children, grand parents, uncles, aunts, niece, nephew and other family members (Khasgiwala, 1993). Parents’ roles include advising the young ones on various matters like religion and education. They also ensure their children access services like education, health, recreational and better financial security. They also act as teachers and disciplinarian at home. Lastly, parents are viewed as political advocates of their children. They usually advocate for a good aboard that would safeguard the future of their children (Khasgiwala, 1993). Parents organize majority of marriages in India. The dowry was initially viewed as a gift to the parents for taking care of the partner (Nagaswami, 2002). However, dowry is currently a tool to enhance family social lives. However, modern Indians look for their own partners, court them and eventually marry them. Males and female complement one another in the Indian society. Traditionally, women were supposed to bear children and educate them about cultural practices. They were also supposed to maintain their families and homes. Men were the sole bread breadwinners and providers of the family. However, these roles are changing because employed Indian women are able to provide for their families just like their male counterparts (Singh, 2008). It is crucial to note that more than 62.8% of

Research Paper Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Paper Proposal - Essay Example With regards to the proposed research study, the researcher aims to provide a clear introduction. As part of the main body, the researcher will discuss the following: (1) importance of dental development when it comes to determining the age of the victim; (2) ways in which archeologists could determine the sex of the victim through by studying either the human dental remains and skeletal remains of the victim; (3) the use of human dental remains when it comes to determining the past occupations of the victim; and (4) ways in which human dental remains could reflect the victim’s past medical condition and treatments prior to his/her death. Prior to the conclusion, the researcher will seek to discuss how human dental remains could reflect the victim’s lifestyle and/or habits. 1. To save the researcher’s time and effort, the researcher will first list down the schools that offer courses related to the study of bioarcheology, dentistry, forensic science, criminal justice, and crime scene investigation. (Guide to Online Schools, 2008) The researcher plans to complete the research study within a short span of one week. The researcher will list down the nearby schools that offer online courses related to bioarcheology, dentistry, forensic science, criminal justice, crime scene investigation followed by gathering related peer-reviewed journal within the first two to three days. Right after the gathering related peer-reviewed journals, the researcher will spend another two days going through the journals and highlight important parts of the study. As soon as the researcher is done highlighting important findings in each journal, the researcher will start conceptualizing followed by officially writing down the flow of the research study. (See Appendix I – Gannt Chart Showing the Proposed Research Schedule on page 4) The proposed research

Legal Aspects of a Business Essay Example for Free

Legal Aspects of a Business Essay Introduction When starting up a new business it is very important to look at the legal aspects which will influence the company in the future. In this part of the information file there will be the most important legal aspects for running a student company. First there is the selection of business form, in which there will be a compairison between the different possible forms. Afterwards a description of how the student company will work with contracts and partners. And finally there is an explanation of the typical dutch legal aspects such as profit tax and dividend. Business form Most important before starting the actual business is to compare the different possible legal business forms to make sure that it suits the intentions of the entrepreneurs. First the expanation per legal form will be given and afterwards a choice will be made for the student company itself. There are three basic legal business forms which can be chosen when starting up a new company: sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Each will be described shortly and afterwards the form of the student company will be given. Sole proprietorship The sole proprietorship is the oldest, most common, and simplest form of business organization. A sole proprietorship is a business owned and managed by one person. The prevalent characteristic of a sole proprietorship is that the owner is inseparable from the business. Because they are the same entity, the owner of a sole proprietorship has complete control over the business, its operations, and is financially and legally responsible for all debts and legal actions against the business. Another aspect of the same  entity aspect is that taxes on a sole proprietorship are determined at the personal income tax rate of the owner. In other words, a sole proprietorship does not pay taxes separately from the owner. A sole proprietorship is a good business organization for an individual starting a business that will remain small, does not have great exposure to liability, and does not justify the expenses of incorporating and ongoing corporate formalitie. Corporation A corporation is a business entity which is owned by an individual or group of individuals and they run a business that legally exists. A corporate body is formed to regulate and manage business. People work as a unit in a corporation and produce the value that will generate income. A lot of employment is generated by corporations and they have now a big impact on economic growth and the social development of any country that operates in the free market system. A corporation has rights and responsibilities just like people have, and can also be liable to the processes of law just as an individual can. The characteristics of a corporation are the limited liability of shareholders, management being delegated to a board of directors, ownership by shareholders, transferable shares and that it has a separate legal personality. Relevance to Student company The fact that the student company will sell shares and therefore will be owned by the shareholders, the student company will be a corporation. Big advantage of this legal form is the spreading of the potential business risks because of the large amounts of shareholders. Disadvantages for the entrepreneurs is the limited power within the company because of the â€Å"voice† of the shareholders and sharing the possible profit with the shareholders. Within shareholder meetings important decisions or problems will subject and together with the entrepreneurs the business strategies are set. Contracts with other parties Because the student company will be a trading company it is very important to make clear arrangements with the suppliers, customers and the entrepreneurs  itself. This will split the the risks of the entrepreneurs as well as the business partners in the buying cyclus. Because it is still not clear what kind of product or service the student company wil sell, this will be researched later on in the market research. Laws and taxes When somebody wants to start up a company within the netherlands this person should notify the Inland Revenue as soon as they know when their company plans to start business. If this person starts as sole trader, a partnership, a limited partnership or a partnership under common firm, he or she can register the company for the Inland Revenue and the trade register at the same time. This can be done at the Chamber of Commerce. It is to your advantage to provide this information at an early stage: new companies which have made investments in their business often receive money back following their first value added tax return .This is because a new business often pays more value added tax in the beginning than it has actually charged. Value added tax It is almost always compulsory for businesses to charge clients value added tax. Businesses are nearly always liable to charge value added tax to their clients. The rate is 6% or 19% depending on the type of product or service. The value added tax which a company receive from the client must be paid to the Inland Revenue. The value added tax which the company has paid out itself to the suppliers can be offset against this. Value added tax is paid either monthly or quarterly, depending on the type of business and the level of turnover. Corporation tax If the company is a private company with limited liability, the owners will be liable to pay corporation tax. Corporation or corporate income tax is levied on companies established in the Netherlands and on certain companies not established in the Netherlands, which receive income from the Netherlands .In this context, the term company includes companies with a capital consisting of share, co-operatives, mutual insurance and credit companies, foundations and other legal persons incorporated under civil law, when they administer an enterprise, funds for common account, and most  publicly-controlled industrial and commercial undertakings. Basis of assessment Profits in the widest sense, with a number of additions or deductions. The determination of the taxable profits corresponds largely with the determination of profits taxable under personal income tax, including the deductibility of losses from other years. Exemptions Legal persons whose activities are of a social or charitable nature or otherwise in the public interest are exempted from corporation tax. Exempted categories of profit are those corresponding to the relevant exemptions under personal income tax. Furthermore the participation exemption applies to all dividends, gains and losses related to the holding of at least 5% of the shares in a subsidiary. This rule, preventing economic double taxation, is in general equally applicable to dividend deriving from domestic and foreign subsidiaries. The loss related to the winding-up of a subsidiary is, under certain conditions, deductible by the parent company. The deductibility of interest paid on non-functional loans and loans related to a reshuffle of participations within the group is restricted to certain circumstances. Another amendment permits companies to depreciate loss-making participations of 25% or more during the first five years after acquisition. Special features Fiscal unity: a company which holds 100% of the shares in a Dutch subsidiary may request to be qualified as a fiscal unity. However, certain conditions apply. It is possible for a fiscal unity to be consisted of more than two companies. The subsidiaries are considered to be absorbed by the parent. As a result, negative results of companies belonging to the unity can be compensated horizontally with positive results of the others. Interest paid to a group company in respect of the acquisition of shares in Dutch operating companies cannot be set off against the profit of these operating companies. Regime for investment funds: provided that all current income is distributed to shareholders and a number of other conditions are met, an  investment company or fund is entitled to add capital gains on securities and real property to a reinvestment reserve and to a rate of nil per cent on the remaining profit.