Legal Aspects of a Business Essay Example for Free

Legal Aspects of a Business Essay Introduction When starting up a new business it is very important to look at the legal aspects which will influence the company in the future. In this part of the information file there will be the most important legal aspects for running a student company. First there is the selection of business form, in which there will be a compairison between the different possible forms. Afterwards a description of how the student company will work with contracts and partners. And finally there is an explanation of the typical dutch legal aspects such as profit tax and dividend. Business form Most important before starting the actual business is to compare the different possible legal business forms to make sure that it suits the intentions of the entrepreneurs. First the expanation per legal form will be given and afterwards a choice will be made for the student company itself. There are three basic legal business forms which can be chosen when starting up a new company: sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Each will be described shortly and afterwards the form of the student company will be given. Sole proprietorship The sole proprietorship is the oldest, most common, and simplest form of business organization. A sole proprietorship is a business owned and managed by one person. The prevalent characteristic of a sole proprietorship is that the owner is inseparable from the business. Because they are the same entity, the owner of a sole proprietorship has complete control over the business, its operations, and is financially and legally responsible for all debts and legal actions against the business. Another aspect of the same  entity aspect is that taxes on a sole proprietorship are determined at the personal income tax rate of the owner. In other words, a sole proprietorship does not pay taxes separately from the owner. A sole proprietorship is a good business organization for an individual starting a business that will remain small, does not have great exposure to liability, and does not justify the expenses of incorporating and ongoing corporate formalitie. Corporation A corporation is a business entity which is owned by an individual or group of individuals and they run a business that legally exists. A corporate body is formed to regulate and manage business. People work as a unit in a corporation and produce the value that will generate income. A lot of employment is generated by corporations and they have now a big impact on economic growth and the social development of any country that operates in the free market system. A corporation has rights and responsibilities just like people have, and can also be liable to the processes of law just as an individual can. The characteristics of a corporation are the limited liability of shareholders, management being delegated to a board of directors, ownership by shareholders, transferable shares and that it has a separate legal personality. Relevance to Student company The fact that the student company will sell shares and therefore will be owned by the shareholders, the student company will be a corporation. Big advantage of this legal form is the spreading of the potential business risks because of the large amounts of shareholders. Disadvantages for the entrepreneurs is the limited power within the company because of the â€Å"voice† of the shareholders and sharing the possible profit with the shareholders. Within shareholder meetings important decisions or problems will subject and together with the entrepreneurs the business strategies are set. Contracts with other parties Because the student company will be a trading company it is very important to make clear arrangements with the suppliers, customers and the entrepreneurs  itself. This will split the the risks of the entrepreneurs as well as the business partners in the buying cyclus. Because it is still not clear what kind of product or service the student company wil sell, this will be researched later on in the market research. Laws and taxes When somebody wants to start up a company within the netherlands this person should notify the Inland Revenue as soon as they know when their company plans to start business. If this person starts as sole trader, a partnership, a limited partnership or a partnership under common firm, he or she can register the company for the Inland Revenue and the trade register at the same time. This can be done at the Chamber of Commerce. It is to your advantage to provide this information at an early stage: new companies which have made investments in their business often receive money back following their first value added tax return .This is because a new business often pays more value added tax in the beginning than it has actually charged. Value added tax It is almost always compulsory for businesses to charge clients value added tax. Businesses are nearly always liable to charge value added tax to their clients. The rate is 6% or 19% depending on the type of product or service. The value added tax which a company receive from the client must be paid to the Inland Revenue. The value added tax which the company has paid out itself to the suppliers can be offset against this. Value added tax is paid either monthly or quarterly, depending on the type of business and the level of turnover. Corporation tax If the company is a private company with limited liability, the owners will be liable to pay corporation tax. Corporation or corporate income tax is levied on companies established in the Netherlands and on certain companies not established in the Netherlands, which receive income from the Netherlands .In this context, the term company includes companies with a capital consisting of share, co-operatives, mutual insurance and credit companies, foundations and other legal persons incorporated under civil law, when they administer an enterprise, funds for common account, and most  publicly-controlled industrial and commercial undertakings. Basis of assessment Profits in the widest sense, with a number of additions or deductions. The determination of the taxable profits corresponds largely with the determination of profits taxable under personal income tax, including the deductibility of losses from other years. Exemptions Legal persons whose activities are of a social or charitable nature or otherwise in the public interest are exempted from corporation tax. Exempted categories of profit are those corresponding to the relevant exemptions under personal income tax. Furthermore the participation exemption applies to all dividends, gains and losses related to the holding of at least 5% of the shares in a subsidiary. This rule, preventing economic double taxation, is in general equally applicable to dividend deriving from domestic and foreign subsidiaries. The loss related to the winding-up of a subsidiary is, under certain conditions, deductible by the parent company. The deductibility of interest paid on non-functional loans and loans related to a reshuffle of participations within the group is restricted to certain circumstances. Another amendment permits companies to depreciate loss-making participations of 25% or more during the first five years after acquisition. Special features Fiscal unity: a company which holds 100% of the shares in a Dutch subsidiary may request to be qualified as a fiscal unity. However, certain conditions apply. It is possible for a fiscal unity to be consisted of more than two companies. The subsidiaries are considered to be absorbed by the parent. As a result, negative results of companies belonging to the unity can be compensated horizontally with positive results of the others. Interest paid to a group company in respect of the acquisition of shares in Dutch operating companies cannot be set off against the profit of these operating companies. Regime for investment funds: provided that all current income is distributed to shareholders and a number of other conditions are met, an  investment company or fund is entitled to add capital gains on securities and real property to a reinvestment reserve and to a rate of nil per cent on the remaining profit.

Tone-Deafness Essay -- Hearing Auditory Senses Essays

Tone-Deafness Few people know the range of the different types of tone deafness. However, many people think they have it. Tone deafness is does not refer to a problem with the ears, but to a lack of training. Tone deafness is easy to fix by training the ears and the vocal muscles. Lancet is a music professor in Boston who is tone-deaf (Lancet 2001). Lancet express, "tone deafness is a term that tends to be applied indiscriminately to a constellation of music processing, perceptual, and production deficits" (Lancet 2001). This paper will examine the tone-deafness real-life terms, the past and current research, and current direction which all contribute to its need for exploration. Tone-deaf people live from early in life with tone-deaf. The ability to hear a pitch and sing it back is similar to hand-eye coordination. Lancet states, "it is voice-ear coordination" (p.779). Neither one of these abilities are born into us, we have to learn them. Babies do not have hand-eye coordination. If a person holds a toy in front of an infant, he or she can see in the baby's eyes that she wants the toy. For example, my ten-month-old cousin cannot determine the distance where the object is located. His hands flail around randomly, missing the target. He has not yet learned to coordinate his hands and eyes. If he does this often enough, however, he will eventually learn. Lancet explains, "the human brain is very good at remembering which of these incredibly complex muscle contractions results in a score" (Lancet 2001). So next time he reaches for something, it does not take quite as long. My cousin continues to have a one in three chance when reaching for an object (p. 784). B y the time, he is a toddler, it would be inconceivable that he c... ...n how to look past their tone-deafness. References DeBellis, Mark. (2000). What is musical institution? Tonal theory as cognitive science. New York Academy of Sciences, 4, 471-489. Gandour, Jack. (2000). A Cross line Study of Tone Perception. Developmental Psychology,12, 207-220. Kazez, Daniel. (2000). Hearing in the Elderly: A Population study Audicion en la senectud: un estudio poblacional. Music Educators Journal, 71, 46. Lancet, Mike. (2001). A good excuse to give up those music lessons. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 357, 777-784. Moore, Brain C. J. (2000). An Introduction to the psychology of hearing. Academic Press, Inc, 3, 322. Peretz, Isabelle. (2001). Brain specialization for music. New evidence from congenital Amusia. New York Academy of Sciences, 8, 243-246. Wong, Donald. (2001). Audiology. Journal of Communication, 6, 6. Tone-Deafness Essay -- Hearing Auditory Senses Essays Tone-Deafness Few people know the range of the different types of tone deafness. However, many people think they have it. Tone deafness is does not refer to a problem with the ears, but to a lack of training. Tone deafness is easy to fix by training the ears and the vocal muscles. Lancet is a music professor in Boston who is tone-deaf (Lancet 2001). Lancet express, "tone deafness is a term that tends to be applied indiscriminately to a constellation of music processing, perceptual, and production deficits" (Lancet 2001). This paper will examine the tone-deafness real-life terms, the past and current research, and current direction which all contribute to its need for exploration. Tone-deaf people live from early in life with tone-deaf. The ability to hear a pitch and sing it back is similar to hand-eye coordination. Lancet states, "it is voice-ear coordination" (p.779). Neither one of these abilities are born into us, we have to learn them. Babies do not have hand-eye coordination. If a person holds a toy in front of an infant, he or she can see in the baby's eyes that she wants the toy. For example, my ten-month-old cousin cannot determine the distance where the object is located. His hands flail around randomly, missing the target. He has not yet learned to coordinate his hands and eyes. If he does this often enough, however, he will eventually learn. Lancet explains, "the human brain is very good at remembering which of these incredibly complex muscle contractions results in a score" (Lancet 2001). So next time he reaches for something, it does not take quite as long. My cousin continues to have a one in three chance when reaching for an object (p. 784). B y the time, he is a toddler, it would be inconceivable that he c... ...n how to look past their tone-deafness. References DeBellis, Mark. (2000). What is musical institution? Tonal theory as cognitive science. New York Academy of Sciences, 4, 471-489. Gandour, Jack. (2000). A Cross line Study of Tone Perception. Developmental Psychology,12, 207-220. Kazez, Daniel. (2000). Hearing in the Elderly: A Population study Audicion en la senectud: un estudio poblacional. Music Educators Journal, 71, 46. Lancet, Mike. (2001). A good excuse to give up those music lessons. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 357, 777-784. Moore, Brain C. J. (2000). An Introduction to the psychology of hearing. Academic Press, Inc, 3, 322. Peretz, Isabelle. (2001). Brain specialization for music. New evidence from congenital Amusia. New York Academy of Sciences, 8, 243-246. Wong, Donald. (2001). Audiology. Journal of Communication, 6, 6.

Compare the descriptions of the four ghosts Essay

Dickens’ little Christmas book, ‘A Christmas Carol’, was one of many of Christmas novels, however the book, as well as selling six thousand copies in one week, has become Dickens most famous novel. Although the Victorians opinions of ghosts were conformist and modern day reader’s opinions are more lax; the variety of spectres ensured it appealed to both ages and revived the charitable meaning of Christmas for the Victorians. The first ghost Dickens introduces to the reader is Marley and he uses vivid adjectives to illustrate the typical conventions of a ghost. Some of these conventions are shown when Dickens writes, ‘The same face: the very same’, and describes his clothes as, ‘usual waistcoat, tights, and boots’. In saying that the ghost has, ‘the same’, face and clothes as the person it originated from, it conforms to the stereotypical image of a ghost. This makes the reader feel more comfortable with the opening of the novel; allowing the reader to make the prediction that the other ghosts would be similar. This successfully results in the reader being shocked later on in the book. Furthermore, Dickens uses personification to create the suspense and fearfulness that the reader would expect a ghost to do. This is evident with the quote, ‘ flame leaped up’, and, ‘it cried, â€Å"I know him! Marley’s ghost†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ. When the flame, ‘leaped up’, it gives the effect that it has identified something so fearful that it has gave life to in-animate objects. This makes the reader desperate to find out why this ghost is so frightening. The flame also seems to detect that the ghost is Jacob Marley, which suits the idea that a ghost haunts someone that did wrong to them in their previous life. Adding to the terrifying image of the spectre, Dickens highlights the fear with the phrase, ‘disturbs the very marrow in his bones’. The phrase strengthens the idea that Marley is a typical spectre as a Victorian reader would expect Scrooge to be immensely scared of the ghost, this is because the conformist opinion was that ghosts we’re to be frightened of. Although Marley is overall a conventional ghost, Dickens does use a combination of metaphors and similes to add interesting original touches. These are found when the book says, ‘being provided with an infernal atmosphere of it’s own’, and, ‘as by the hot vapour from an oven’. The simile highlights the alteration between Scrooge and the ghost. One interpretation of this is that the simile is a representation of how a ghost sees the world from a different perspective then a human. The simile emphasises this interpretation and suggests that the difference between the perspectives of the two characters is that the ghost looks on the earth with envy as his own world as Marley’s own world agitates like, ‘hot vapour’. This is one of the first signs that the book will push the conformist boundaries of the after life; alerting the reader to the thought that this ghost has feelings, which is not expected from a Victorian audience. In contrast to the ghost of Jacob Marley, the ghost of Christmas past is strange and unconventional. Just as in the description of Marley, Dickens uses sound to build up suspense. For example, he describes the hour bell as, ‘hollow’. The use of this word may mean that the ghost is evil, however on the other hand it may suggest that it won’t use discretion as it is hollow and doesn’t have a heart; this is significant as it was believed that feelings came from the heart in the Victorian period. The word is successful as it makes the reader make predictions about the ghost before it arrives. This is playing with the reader and will create anxiety, as the reader will want to discover whether the prediction was right or not. In addition, Dickens confirms the idea of a ghost further. This occurs when he writes, ‘unearthly visitor’. One interpretation of this is that the word, ‘unearthly’, gives the impression that it doesn’t belong on earth and is not a typical creature. This adds to the idea of a typical ghost however, a subtle implication strays from the stereotype. The word, ‘visitor’ may imply that the ghost will not stay long which may seem insignificant to a modern reader but the Victorians feared that ghosts would haunt a specific person making their lives a misery. I think that this effectively created an unusual sense around the ghost that pre-emptively warns the reader that it isn’t a normal ghost. Moreover, Dickens uses juxtaposition to make the reader acknowledge that the ghost represents something. The contrast is shown with phrases such as, ‘like a child’, and, ‘like an old man’. The contrast implies that what someone does in the past can alter their future so you should always do the right thing. This representation is further emphasised with the imagery, ‘now with one leg’, and, ‘now with twenty legs’ as it gives an interesting, visibly imaginable example of the change. These quotes are successful as the reader can see that the ghost represents the fact that every action has a consequence.   

Mental Illness The Results Of Psychotherapy - 2122 Words

Jessie Laudermilk Mrs. Bowman Rhetoric 25 April 2016 One reason for treating mental illness is the results of psychotherapy. How does psychotherapy work? Psychotherapy is defined as, A treatment for managing mental health problems and emotional difficulties through talking about thoughts and feelings with a trained mental health practitioner. There are many different psychotherapies based on different theories about how psychological problems develop and are overcome (Banov 293). A common type of therapy is behavior therapy. Behavior therapy lessens the connection between situations and emotional reactions. This will begin to help control anxieties and depression and behavioral emotions (Muir 53). Why is psychotherapy important? Psychotherapy gives an opportunity for mental illness patients to receive help and recovery from the illness. Many people are afraid to try medications, and psychotherapy gives those people an alternative to possibly damaging drugs. Psychotherapy began with Sigmund Freud, who is known as the father of mode rn psychology. He was a doctor that was interested in the conscious thoughts that guide our emotions and actions. He started testing his patients by using his different theories about mental illnesses. Although Freud might have been wrong about certain things and did not have enough resources at his time to do extensive research, he did influence that progression of psychotherapy (Macpherson 396). Psychiatrists help with the vastShow MoreRelatedD240 Tma11496 Words   |  6 Pagespresentation of mental health in the two newspaper articles given in Appendix 1 The mental conditions that obstructed with our thinking, feelings, moods, and our ability to associate with other people or carry out our daily functions are referred to as mental illness. It has no regards for race, age, religion and is not a result of weakness or lack of character or our upbringing. (Pilgrim, 2010). 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