Audit Expectation Gap

Audit Expectation Gap Definition and structure of the audit expectation gapIn today's growing world of business, we see organizations reaching heights and falling dramatically. In last 100 years, the size of the companies has grown multiple folds and so is their list of stakeholders, especially investors. A huge investment in the past years is seen on the corporate governance activities to ensure a good image of the company. Auditing being a legal obligation for the companies now, ensure that the financial reports of the company are without any material misstatement and frauds. Reports presented by the auditors work as an assurance for the investors and other stake holders. However, in recent years, while many corporate scandals and collapses, that were associated with auditors' fraud and negligence, have been unveiled, the auditors' legal liabilities became the bone of contention in almost every country. Auditing being an expensive activity is performed till a limited extent, best possible ways are imple mented to avoid any chance of leaving the problems in the financial reports, but despite everything, things go wrong and probably would continue to be the same way.English: Verner after his 1940 election as Vermont...We will find laws in every country to safeguard the interest of an auditor and the stakeholder as well. In this relation, there is seen an increase in the number of lawsuits filed against the auditors in the recent times. This gives us an indication that the investors are not satisfied with the way auditing firms are operating and or they are not producing the desired results. The atmosphere around and the job profile creates a necessity for the auditor to know its legal duties, so that they can discharge their duties properly. On the other hand, in case of the investor or other stakeholders relying on the audit reports, we will see a lot of misperceptions...

Canadian senate reform essays

Canadian senate reform essays The Canadian Senate is supposed to be a sober second thought on government legislation. But, in many cases, as far as I know, senators are not meeting the expectations of the Canadian people, or fulfilling the requirements of the job. The question is, should the senate be reformed? In my opinion, the Canadian Senate should be reformed because it is not elected, provinces are not equally represented, nor is it effective. Historically, the Governor-General was supposed to appoint senators but, in actuality, the elected Prime Minister appoints the members of our Canadian Senate. At Confederation, this system seemed like a good idea. It made sense to have the Prime Minister appoint good people that he knew would make responsible senators. People generally understood these appointments to be a great honour and responsibility, and therefore took the position very seriously. In the culture of the time, it was an honour to serve your country this way. Unfortunately, as the years went on, this system has been subjected to abuse. An example of this, is the expulsion of Senator Andrew Thompson in 1998. The 73-year old senator was said to represent almost every negative stereotype that ever existed about the Senate. He was aging and apparently ill. He had shown up for work only 12 times since 1990. He collected an $85 000-a-year compensation package, and spent most of his time at a lavish villa in Mex ico. In my view, this shows a senator who, himself, didnt consider the work he was doing and the interests of the region he was representing, important. This is only one case; there have been about 17 other senators who have been held up for criticism for poor attendance. Each had missed more than half the years sittings. This abuse of the system is one of the reasons why I believe the senate should be elected by the people. Senators dont have to be elected or face periodic elections, s...

Edward Gibbon and his contribution to Historiography Research Paper

Edward Gibbon and his contribution to Historiography - Research Paper Example In order to know more about him comprehensively, we have to answer questions about who he was, what drove him to write, and what perceptions of his work were adopted by both his contemporaries and modern day readers. The term historiography refers to the theory and history of writing.1 It can also be defined as the academic prospect of writing history and how historians came to understand these records.2 Due to the complexity and inaccuracy associated with historical study, historiography thus enables us to identify and appreciate these discrepancies in a bid to find the truth. It also helps us gain insight on humanity; the knowledge that would enable us to avoid mistakes made in the past that led to catastrophes and borrow those that were beneficial.3 For example, the study of the fall of the Roman Empire would easily be relevant in the modern day superpowers and thus the statement; history repeats itself. The historiography’s progression, and its methods and conception, chan ged and developed substantially. All of the past sources of history, to the seventeenth century started accumulating in the enlightenment period. One of the major influential historians and academician of the period was Edward Gibbon. Edward Gibbon (April 27, 1737-January 16, 1794) was a historian in the 18th century, and his writing on history was an important element among his contemporaries and is still an important topic of study in modern day academic scholars of historiography.4 In his life time he served as a soldier during the English seven-year war, managed his family’s business and was also a member of parliament. He was born in Putney, England in a period of ‘enlightenment.’ Edward Gibbon was born April 27, 1737 to Edward and Judith Gibbon in Putney, London, England5. He was raised as the only child after his six siblings died at infancy. His father was an heir to an affluent family.6 During this period, there was a wide revolutionary thinking on the p erception and acceptance of Christian theology and church dogma. He was born to an affluent family, according to the standards of the period; his early education was profound, as demonstrated by his ability to engage in scholastic research and writing at a relatively young age.7 His childhood was marred by poor health and he describes himself as â€Å"a weakly child† and nearly succumbed to death several times. He was vastly ignored by his parents who were occupied with their social life and was abandoned to inadequate caregivers who were household servants and physicians.8 One of the ways that he uses method or conception from the past is evident in the classical period. By the Enlightenment and eighteen century, we find that Classical writers have been highly common in academic all over the European continent, with similarities in all his works, from writers of the ancient Rome and Greece. A Greek writer, Heredotus, wrote â€Å"The Persian Wars’ that has the theme o f geography and ethnography, of the Near East people. Gibbon also appears to have the same theses in the â€Å"He is popular for several publications, but the major one is the ‘Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,’ by the manner in which he comprehends all the Europe’s ‘barbaric’ people. In addition, another idea that he appears to have adopted from the ancient Greece is that of universal history; this idea

Global Warming is Manmade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Warming is Manmade - Essay Example Scientists have implicated this phenomenon in causing the general rise in temperature that is global warming. The objective of this essay is to outline the various ways in which human activities generate the gases that are primarily responsible for global warming, and also argue that global warming is mainly due to the effect of human activities. One of the major anthropogenic causes of global warming is the use of fossil fuels in industries and transport (Nardo , Don; Johnson, Roberta; Young, Terrence Jr. E, 2008). Fossil fuels, when burned, produce carbon IV oxide. Carbon IV oxide is a dense gas, and when emitted, it blankets the earth, helping to retain the heat on the surface of the earth. This, over time, causes an increase in the temperatures on the surface of the earth, leading to global warming. There has been widespread controversy over whether human industrial activity fosters global warming. Some skeptics have come out to proclaim that global warming and climate change are largely natural events that do not need human input so as to manifest themselves (Alexander, Ralph B, 2009). They argue that even in the absence of human activities, global warming would still be a reality. The skeptics have gone so far as to claim that the statistics provided by scientists are all part of a hoax. However, there is sufficient scientific evidence to pin down these skeptics as to the truth of whether or not anthropogenic activities contribute to global warming. Another cause of global warming is deforestation. The rate at which forest trees continue to be felled contributes significantly to global warming. Trees help eliminate carbon IV oxide from the atmosphere. When forests are disturbed, the practice interferes with this natural source of carbon IV oxide management. Therefore, carbon IV oxide levels continue to rise unchecked. This

Review and analysis of Educational Research Essay

Review and analysis of Educational Research - Essay Example The topic of the study revolves around the access factors faced by different employees concerning the learning in the workplace. From the two topics, it is evident that the two studies are somewhat related but completely different. First, the two studies deal with education for mature education, but Swain and Hammond (2011) focus on students in institutions of higher learning while Riddell, Ahlgren and Weedon (2009) focuses on individuals in the workplace. The other difference in the two articles is that Swain and Hammond (2011) try to focus on the individuals themselves and their motivations and benefits from the studies. Riddell, Ahlgren and Weedon (2009) focuses on the external factors that affect the individual, not what the individual feels. According to Brannen, the scope and scale of research refers to the exact areas covered by a researcher, the information presented in the study, and the factors that limit the research. This means that the scope and scale of research include s the lower and upper bounds of a study. In Swain and Hammond (2011), the researchers specifically deal with mature students in Higher education. The authors deal with these students with the aim of identifying their motivations and outcomes for studying part0-time. ... The study focuses on survey data to identify the extent and benefits of workplace learning in Scottish SMEs. The scope is further divided into information intensive organizations and traditional manufacturing and training organizations. Finally, this scope and scale is limited to workplace learning and the benefits derived by the employees for the companies being investigated. Contrary to the research by Swain and Hammond (2009), Riddell, Ahlgren and Weedon (2009) focus on the employer and not the individual. Research in social science is usually different according to the paradigms or extent of research conducted (Oakley, 2007). This means that different researchers aim to achieve different results by focusing on different research methods, mainly choosing from qualitative and quantitative research methods. The two methods mentioned usually differentiate the paradigm used in research, where the scientific theory or positivist theory is used for quantitative research while the constr uctivist paradigm focuses on qualitative research. Riddell, Ahlgren and Weedon’s (2009) background literature is read as statistical based, with emphasis on policies and the Scottish Government objectives of getting adults up to a level of education to create an equal Scottish society. The researchers’ literature reports the European study of lifelong learning as its driver, hence a study on government objectives. It does nevertheless highlight, â€Å"driving national economic growth, whilst at the same time increasing social mobility for socially disadvantaged workers through workplace learning programmes† (p.794) does not justify the government objective. This could indicate the perspective of the researcher could fall into

Factors Affecting Changes in Urban Temperature

Factors Affecting Changes in Urban Temperature 1.1 Urban Climatology Urban climatology is a branch of  climatology  that examines interactions between the urban  area and the weather conditions around it, their impacts on each other, and the different spatial and temporal scales at which these interactions occur. There are many differences between the urban and rural climates; these differences generally include the quality of the air as well as the wind and rainfall patterns. However, the most observable difference is the  Urban Heat Island  (UHI) effect which represents the temperature difference between the rural and urban sites. This field’s main implementation is its use for optimal urban design and planning of cities [21]. Urban areas have a significant effect on the overlying air due to a variations in the nature of surface cover (urban form) and emissions of heat, water vapor and materials that are involved human activities (urban function). Although the urban-rural differences have been recognized for a long period of time, only recently urban climatology has started collecting actual urban observations, developing urban models and validating these models using the required data. 1.1.1 Urban Heat Island Effect Urban warming, also called ‘Urban Heat Island’ effect (UHI), is a well-established phenomenon. The intensity of the UHI has been measured essentially as being the temperature difference between rural and urban locations. Many studies have been conducted in order to quantify the UHI in large cities, mainly in Europe and other areas [16]. This phenomenon is considered as a representation of all the microclimatic differences caused by man-made modifications of the urban surface (Landsberg, 1981). The Urban Heat Island effect was first identified in 1820 by Luke Howard who noticed that in London, urban temperatures were higher by 3.7 °F at night and lower by 0.34 °F during the day compared to the rural surroundings. The intensity of Heat island varies depending on the density of the urban area, with the highest values of UHI being found in the most densely built areas. Moreover, in cities located in the high-latitude region, and having relatively cold weather, heat islan ds are considered as an advantage since it contributes to a reduction in heating loads; however, in cities located in mid- and low-latitude regions, heat islands are a major source of outdoor thermal discomfort for the urban population, and indoor thermal discomfort of buildings’ occupants (and consequently higher indoor cooling loads), especially in the summer period [22]. On the other hand, there is a phenomenon called the urban cool island (UCI) which is an opposite effect to the UHI, where urban areas are found to be colder than the rural arid (desert) surrounding environments. The UCI is the highest during the daytime, where the effect of increased shading (from buildings) and evapotranspiration (from artificial, man-made water bodies and vegetation) in urban areas contributes to some reduction in local temperatures compared to the unshaded rural arid surroundings. This phenomenon is mainly found in countries where rural areas are primarily deserts, such as the case of the UAE [19]. As a matter of fact, the UHI intensity is influenced by the location of the urban, as well as by the climate regime, season and synoptic patterns [36]. Evidently, UHI shows higher intensities during the summer season due to the larger amounts of solar radiation received by the surface and leading to higher absorption and release of heat through urban structures compared to the winter period [37]. 1.1.1.1 Factors Affecting Urban Temperature Generation of UHI UHI is the results of the interactions among several factors which can be classified as controllable and uncontrollable factors as shown in Fig.4. Figure 4. Generation of Urban Heat Island (UHI) [xx] The uncontrollable factors of UHI include climatic variables (synoptic scale) and weather conditions (local scale) such as air speed and cloud covers. Some studies show that the UHI is negatively correlated with wind speed and cloud cover (Kim and Baik, 2005; Oke, 1982). The controllable factors include urban design and structure related variables such as vegetation, building construction material, and sky view factor and population related variables such as anthropogenic heat sources (power plants, automobiles, air-conditioners). The main source of heat produced and enclosed in an area originates from the sun which emits this heat in the form of solar radiation. The major energy conservation and heat transfer processes (through conduction, convection and radiation) have a dominant role in the heat exchange within an urban area. The structures that are located in the canopy layer level, such as walls, roofs and green spaces absorb and reflect solar radiation in different ways. The ab sorption and storage of solar radiation (in the form of heat energy) occurs from sunrise till sunset, then the environment starts cooling down. The stored heat energy in urban structures is then released to the surrounding environment, based on the sky view factor and the building material of these urban structures. An urban area is typically characterized by a decreased sky view (due to the presence of obstructing buildings), as a result, the ability of heat release by long-wave radiation is reduced in all cities, leading to high heat storage in building surfaces. Surface absorptivity, which is a thermal property of any material, represents the fraction of total incident light that is effectively absorbed by a surface, and is believed to be high in cities and is considered to be one of the main reasons of UHI. Moreover, as a result of the lack of vegetation in most of the cities, latent heat due to evapotranspiration is also reduced in these areas. Convective heat removal and trans fer by wind are also found to be negatively affected by the high roughness of structures in urban areas. In addition, air pollutants that are found in polluted urban areas, are able to capture and re-radiate long wave radiation and obstruct the resulting radiative surface cooling. This leads to the formation of a greenhouse-like effect, causing UHI. Furthermore, the magnitude of UHI has been positively correlated with the size of the urban population of a city in some studies (Hung et al., 2005), while it was found to have be independent of urban population density in other studies (Kim and Baik, 2004). Hung et al. (2005) have found a maximum UHI of 8 °C in the city of Bangkok where the population is of 11 million, while they have observed a maximum UHI of 7 °C in the city of Shanghai where the population density reaches 12.55 million. The population affects heat generation in 2 ways: directly, as an increased density of people results in increased human metabolisms; and indirec tly, as an increased population is typically correlated with a higher number of buildings and vehicles, as well as an increased industrial activity and pollutants concentration [18]. To summarize the factors affecting the UHI, Oke et al.[7] indicates the following key factors: a decrease in radiative heat loss (canyon effect), an increase in thermal storage within the buildings of the urban areas, the release of anthropogenic heat, the reduction of evaporative cooling and turbulent heat transfer in street canyons, in addition to some other minor factors [4]. Following is a list of the factors affecting urban temperature City Scale (S: Site Area in meter square) The UHI is believed to be more intense in large cities where the cumulative effect of the urban warming of numerous street canyons is combined and increases the intensity of the UHI compared to cities of a smaller scale. Thermal Properties of the Construction Material (surface absorptivity (m) and albedo) of Buildings and of the Street Surface Material A study that was conducted in Singapore in order to investigate the most important factors causing the UHI, found that the buildings’ facade materials and colors had a significant impact on the local climate by increasing the temperature in the center of a canyon by up to 2.5 °C, in the case where the facade material had high surface absorptivity (Rajagopalan et al, 2008) [22]. Geometry Orientation of the urban area, includes Building Density (FA/S), Aspect Ratio (the ratio of the Height of Building over the Width of Street), and the Orientation of the street canyon, relative to the incident solar radiation. Urban geometry has a major role in the heat build-up in urban areas. Urban canyon can be designed in a way that improves natural ventilation within the city, hence enhancing heat release. Moreover, the orientation of a street canyon has the key role in determining the quantity of solar radiation that the canyon surfaces receive [22]. As the aspect ratio increases, shading increases, and air temperatures subsequently decrease, especially during some hours of the day [31]. Vegetation The evapotranspiration process from vegetation is another means of urban surfaces cooling, especially in mid and low latitudes having warm arid climatic conditions. Urban areas having abundant impervious surfaces have usually more runoff water than their rural surroundings. The runoff water quickly drains and less surface water becomes available for evapotranspiration in the long run, consequently influencing the urban surface energy balance. This results in a decreased evapotranspiration rate in urban areas which is a main contributor in higher daytime temperatures [22]. Anthropogenic Heat (population density, Number of cars, HVAC system): It mainly originates from heat emissions coming from vehicles and air conditioners. Even though indoor cooling (using air conditioners) improves the indoor thermal comfort of residents in a building, the waste heat dissipated into the outside environment negatively affects the outdoor urban thermal environment. Studies show that air conditioners can cause significant heat accumulation (Chow et al, 2000). Nevertheless, this issue is currently addressed by implementing central air-conditioning systems in many commercial buildings of major cities. Using this method, the heat dissipation takes place using cooling towers (Kikegawa et al, 2003; Kolokotroni et al, 2006) [22].

Mechanism of Transfer in Gene Therapy Essay examples -- Gene Therapy

Mechanism of Transfer in Gene Therapy Abstract: Gene therapy is the transfer of â€Å"normal† genes into the body to replace defective or undesired genes. The transfer may be in somatic or germline cells and may take place in vivo or in vitro. The DNA may be inserted in a retrovirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpes simplex virus, or liposome, or it may be naked DNA. The vector travels to a target cell and inserts the gene, which goes to the host cell’s nucleus and may integrate into the genome. In cells with dominant negative genes, resulting protein must be prevented from translation or transcription using oligonucleotides or antisense technology. Though many obstacles delay the development of gene therapy, this new field will surely improve the future of medicine. Mechanism of Transfer in Gene Therapy Gene therapy is a method of replacing defective or undesired genes in the body with â€Å"normal† genes. A vector is re-engineered to deliver the gene to a target cell. Then the gene is transferred to the cell’s nucleus and must be activated in order to function. The gene must be integrated into the cell’s genome in order for it to continue to function and be replicated. Side effects are possible because the vector may be detected as a foreign substance by the body’s immune system. Gene therapy may take place either in vivo or in vitro, the transfer may be in either somatic or germline cells, and a variety of viral and non-viral vectors may be used. In vivo gene therapy is done inside a living organism. This is accomplished by inhalation, oral administration, intramuscular injection, or intravenous administration (Brooks, 24). Currently, most in vivo experiments have taken place in animals other than humans. Most gen... ...ocated, ensure that gene therapy will be a revolutionary aspect of medicine’s future. Bibliography Brooks, Gavin. Gene Therapy: The use of DNA as a drug. London: Pharmaceutical Press, 2002. â€Å"Gene Therapy.† Human Genome Project Information. 18 November 2005. U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. 28 July 2007. â€Å"Gene Therapy: Molecular Bandage?† Learn.Genetics. 2007. The University of Utah, Genetic Science Learning Center. 28 July 2007. Januario E. Castro, Thomas J. Kipps. â€Å"Chapter 26. Principles of Gene Transfer for Therapy.† Williams Hematology, 7th Edition. United States of America: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2006. 28 July, 2007.

The Most Ethical Course

I believe the most ethical course of action in the story of Felicia Robinson is to wait it out because her opponent may seem guilty at the time but he could also be an innocent man and she wouldn't want to have the stigma that she's a liar because of a mistake she has made. 3a. ) When coming across a survey showing majority of people in my state that oppose my position, I should point out those shortcomings that came my way during my the process because it will show that I'm a honest person, the people love honesty ! b. ) In my opinion,I believe the most ethical course of action when listening to an informative speech that is given by a classmates that has plagiarized is to talk with the speaker as a individual and inform them that I'm aware of their actions and strongly insist that they do not do it again, because I believe everyone deserves a second chance also I wouldn't want my fellow classmate to get hit with serious consequences over stupidity. 3c. I should not include a quotat ion from an article that is not supporting the policy I'am advocating for even if it's an article by a highly respected expert, because it will hurt the main point that I'm trying to make in my speech. *KEY TERMS (chapter 2) Ethics- the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. Ethical decisions- sound ethical involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines. Name-calling- the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individual groups.Plagiarism- presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own Bill of rights- the first 10 amendments to the United States constitution. Plagiarism- presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own. Global plagiarism- stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one’s own. Patchwork plagiarism- stealing language from two or three sources and passing them off as one’s own. Increme ntal plagiarism- failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that borrowed from others. Paraphrase- to restate or summarize an author’s ideas own words. Fist ten amendments Amendment I – Freedom of Religion, Speech and the Press; Rights of Assembly and Petition. Amendment II – Right to Bear Arms The amendment was adopted so that Congress could not disarm a state militia. Amendment III – Housing of Soldiers Grew directly out of an old complaint against the British, who had forced people to take soldiers into their homes. Amendment IV – Search and Seizure You may not be searched or have property seized without probable cause and/or a search warrant. Amendment V – Rights of the accused (Self-incrimination, Double Jeopardy, Due Process, Just Compensation)Amendment VI- Rights to a Fair Trial (Speedy and Public Trial by Jury*, Tried in state where crime was committed, Informed of charges against accused, Witnesses, Right to a lawyer) A mendment VII- Rights in Civil Cases (Trial by jury in civil cases over $20) Amendment VIII – Cruel and Unusual Punishment Bails, fines and punishments must be humane and fit the crime committed Amendment IX – Rights Retained by the People Any rights not listed in the Constitution are still protected Amendment X – Powers Retained by the States and the People States or people have all powers not given to national government. (ie: marriage)

Informative Bulimia Essays - Eating Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis

Informative Bulimia Essays - Eating Disorders, Psychiatric Diagnosis Informative Bulimia Specific purpose: I want my audience to understand what bulimia is. Organizational pattern: Cause-effect Introduction I. Attention statement: Nearly half of Americans personally know someone with an eating disorder such as bulimia, according to a recent survey of 1,264 adults, in the New York Times, by Zogby, published Friday July seventh. In addition the poll states that college graduates are more likely to know someone with an eating disorder (Zogby). II. Orientation phase point: I am going to tell you what is bulimia, signs/side affects and treatments. Adaptation: Bulimia is an eating disorder in which a person eats an abnormally large amount of food (which is a binge), and then tries to prevent the weight gain by purging. Some examples of purging are: vomiting (most common), waterpills, laxatives, fasting or even excessive exercising. According to the 1990 book, titled Eating Habits and Disorders, written by Rachel Epstein. Credibility : Bulimia is difficult to detect in someone you know. This is because many of the bulimics remain at normal body weight or even above normal weight. This is due to their frequent binges on food. Binges can range from one or two times a week to many times a day. Enumerated preview: My object today is for you to understand bulimia and to be able for you to receive information that could maybe help you out some day. First I will tell you the causes, then the signs/side affects, and treatments. Transitions: To begin with I would like to tell you that there are many factors that contribute to bulimia but the exact cause is unknown. BODY III. Suffers of bulimia binge and purge for a variety of reasons. A. Bulimia usually starts in the teen or early adult years and is far more common in females than in males. The illness may be constant or it may get better and worse over a period of many years. Usually bingeing alternates with periods of normal eating and /or fasting. In severe cases there may be periods of bingeing and fasting with no periods of normal eating. Web page, Fact Sheet: Bulimia Nervosa, Yahoo.com, 1996 B. The onset of bulimia may be associated with stressful life events, which are not related to the persons concern about body image or weight. For example a domestic argument, illness or death in the family, the stress of examinations, exchange in job, break down of a relationship, divorce, or even pregnancy may precipitate the first eating-binge, from Eating Disorders: The Facts, by Suzanne Abraham and Derek Llwewllyn-Jones, 1992, page 104. C. Many of the bulimics binge only to be able to purge themselves afterward-it is the purge, in fact, that offers these people the most relief for their emotional distress (Epstein 66). Transition: Now you know what some of the causes of bulimia are, I will discuss some of the behavioral and physiological signs and side affects A. Behavioral signs and side affects: Bingeing. Secretive eating, evidenced by missing food. Preoccupation with and constant talk about food and/or weight. The avoidance of restaurants, planned meals, or social events if food is present. Self-disarrangement when too much has been eaten. Bathroom visits after meals. Purging at least twice a week for a minimum of 3 months. Laxative, enema, diuretics abuse, or fasting. Rigid and harsh exercise regimes. Notice of feeling out of control. B. Physiological signs and affects: Swollen glands, puffiness in the cheeks, or broken blood vessels under the eyes. Complaints of sore throats. Complaints of fatigue and muscle ache. Unexplained tooth decay. Frequent weight fluctuations, often within a ten to fifteen pound range. Dehydration. Electrolyte imbalances. Low sodium and potassium levels. Liver and Kidney damage. Constipation. Salivary-gland inflammation and swelling(a chimpmunk face). Severe bowel abnormalities. Distorted skin on index and middle fingers. Internal bleeding from vomiting. Ulcers of the stomach and/or esophagus from vomiting . Lacerations of the esophagus. Hearth palpitations. Heart attack. Death. Signs and side affects from Bulimia nervosa [emailprotected], Complete Guide to Symptoms, Illness & Surgery, H. Winter Griffith, 1995. Transition: Now you have learned what bulimia is, the causes and the signs/side affects. I will explain some treatments for bulimia. V. Getting help for the bulimic. It is best if bulimia is treated early. If not long term treatment may be necessary. Family and friends need to always give full support, to the bulimic. A. Admission to hospital, just a short stay so that the health professional can assess the patients psychological or medical problems further and devise a program of treatment which is appropriate. The

LEO Essays - Law Enforcement, Weapons, Police Weapons, Free Essays

LEO Essays - Law Enforcement, Weapons, Police Weapons, Free Essays Less lethal weapons in modern Law Enforcement For decades, the only weapons law enforcement had at its disposal were lethal weapons and physical force using a wooden night stick or baton. New less harmful or less lethal weapons were needed due to the ever increasing violence in our communities and the demand for better crime control, especially after the widespread scrutiny of law enforcement after highly publicized use of force incidents such as the arrest of Rodney King in Los Angeles. Less lethal weapons are defined as weapons that are intended to incapacitate a subject without causing permanent injuries or death while also inflicting minimal damage on surrounding environments. They are often also known as non-lethal weapons, but this is a false generalization as no weapon can be completely non-lethal even when used properly and cautiously.Any use of force by law enforcement can inherently involve a risk of death.The use of less lethal weapons can have physical and mental effects on the individual being subjected to them. The re are numerous factors concerning the environment and the subject when choosing the type of less lethal weapon to deploy. Less lethal weapons use in law enforcement is vital as they frequently are utilized with subjects who have not yet committed a crime, mentally unstable subjects, or those under the influence of an intoxicant. Officers must balance their use with what is accepted as reasonable force to avoid violating a subjects civil rights while, at the same time, satisfying the public that the least amount of force necessary was used. Many subjects use the judicial process to challenge the use of less lethal weapons. Some of the different categories of less lethal weapons available to law enforcement include: specialty impact munitions, distraction devices, chemical munitions, and conducted energy devices. Specialty impact munitions are well known in many forms including bean bags, pepper balls, or batons. The use of specialty impact munitions are intended to cause pain and sometimes sufficient blunt trauma to incapacitate a subject. Low energy specialty impact munitions are used for pain compliance, while high energy specialty impact munitions are used for incapacitation. Some degree of injury is expected to occur as it is necessary to achieve compliance or a momentary degree of incapacitation. The intent with specialty impact munitions is to minimize the amount of injury that is painful. In most instances, bruising is the only injury, however the possibility for further injuries can and have occured. Distraction devices are used to gain control to all physical and mental senses. Common distraction devices include teargas and flashbangs. Tear gas uses a combination of human safe chemicals to put the subject in an extremely uncomfortable environment. This encourages subjects it is used on to leave the area to a better suited area. Flashbangs use a bright flash compound that can temporarily hinder eyesight on subjects. Flashbangs also use gunpowder to emit a loud concussion that hinders hearing as well. This also puts the subject in a state of discomfort and encourages them to leave the area. In rare cases. A hot flash is a grenade type weapon that like teargas. Emits a gas that is human safe to discomfort the subject it is used on. However instead of a chemical reaction. These grenades use heat as the primary source of discomfort. The heat will last for usually around 50 milliseconds and causes the subjects to flee the area. One main cause is that breathing in such conditions is ha rder. However breathing is not impossible. Conducted Energy Devices are those that gain compliance by affecting the muscular system of the body. Common forms of this are tasers. Tasers utilize pulsing electric shocks to the body at roughly 5,000 volts to stun the muscular system. Although 5,000 seems to be overkill. 5,000 is nowhere near enough to cause serious harm on its own. The pulsing electricity causes the muscles in your body to seize and thus hindering anyone from fighting or attempting to leave. Compliance weapons have changed dramatically since the first implementation of batons in the 1950s. With new and innovative ways to either deescalate situations or subdue subjects.

HIPAA and Security Breaches Annotated Bibliography

HIPAA and Security Breaches - Annotated Bibliography Example This failure was established by an investigation carried out by OCR that made an observation that this failures were in existence for a long time. The OCR’s actions have widely shown that the agency is continuing to heighten its enforcement efforts which can impose significant financial penalties for those entities not following to the laid down producers by the HIPAA This article clearly out line the HIPAA security rules making it informative, additionally, the information is supported by clear evidence. This information can be used for further studies and research since its present real life ongoing issue especially in medicine field After the HITECH act was affected which provided for the amendment of HIPAA privacy and security rules, the penalty charge for breach of patient information which is under the violation of patients’ right under HIPAA the penalty was revised with a maximum of $250,000. The author notes that covered entities should ensure they are in compliance with the HIPAA privacy and security rules. To show how this venture is the OCR is imposing penalties in the millions all to protect patient information Medical employees are also involved in the breach of security this information is stolen and sold to identity theft conspirators. This article is used to show explain how OCR view the patient information with much serious than depicted by many. This penalties which can be called harsh, are mainly used as a wake up call to medical institutions and everybody. Certain law and standards are put in place in health care business. The healthy portability and accountability HIPAA was established to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of health care system, among the HIPAA law includes a privacy rule and security rule. These rules are used to protect individuals’ medical records and other personal health information. The rule also gives the patients’ right over their health information, which includes

The common drivers contributing to employee satisfaction at a later Dissertation

The common drivers contributing to employee satisfaction at a later stage in Hong Kong - Dissertation Example Primary data has been collected by the researcher through questionnaire from employees that are at their later part of their career. This data has been analysed by the researcher using regression analysis and correlation techniques. The findings of the research study have revealed that recognition is the most important factor that can be helpful in increasing the employee satisfaction level. Compensation has been found as the second most important factor. Other factors such as job longevity and identity also have a positive impact on employee satisfaction though these are not as important as the other two. Table of Contents Abstract 1 1. INTRODUCTION 4 1.1. Background Information: 4 1.2. Research Problem: 4 1.3. Purpose of the Study: 4 1.4. Significance of the Study: 4 1.5. Research Questions: 5 1.6. Scope of the Study: 5 1.7. Dissertation Outline: 5 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 7 2.1. Introduction: 7 2.2. What is Employee Satisfaction? 7 2.3. Factors that Lead to Employee Satisfaction: 8 2. 4. Work Satisfaction and Gender 11 2.5. Work Satisfaction and Age 12 2.6. Job Satisfaction Theories 14 2.6.1. Content theories 15 2.6.2. Process Theories 22 2.7. Relationship between Employee Satisfaction and Performance: 26 2.9. Summary: 28 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: 29 3.1. Introduction: 29 3.2. Research Objective: 29 3.3. Purpose of Research: 30 3.4. Research Approach 31 3.5. Research Strategy 31 3.6. Research Method 32 3.7. Conceptual Framework 33 3.8. Variables under Investigation: 33 3.8.1. Dependent Variable: 34 3.8.2. Independent Variables 34 3.9. Collection of Data 34 3.9.1. Sources of Data 35 3.9.2. Population Selection: 36 3.9.3. Sample Method Selection   36 3.9.4. Sample Method   36 3.10. Hypothesis 36 3.11. Ethical Issues 37 3.12. Data Analysis: 38 3.14. Limitations 39 3.15. Summary 39 4. DATA DESCRIPTION 41 4.1. Analysis of ‘Questionnaire for Employees’ 41 4.2. Analysis of Questionnaire for Managers 50 5. DATA ANALYSIS 60 5.1. Introduction: 60 5.2. Analy sing the Data Using Regression Analysis 60 Analysing each of the independent variable one by one 60 Analysing all the independent variables at the same time 67 5.3. Summary 75 6. DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 76 6.1. Introduction 76 6.2. Discussion 76 6.3. Conclusion 76 6.4. Recommendations 78 6.5. Contributions 78 6.6. Limitations 78 6.7. Further study 79 List of References 80 APPENDIX A 89 APPENDIX B 94 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Information: An individual or a person passes from different phases or stages during his or her whole career. It is important to acknowledge here that the level of employee satisfaction and motivation is different at different phases of careers. There can be different factors responsible for the difference in the level of the employee satisfaction and motivation at different phases of careers. It is important for the HR mangers and organisations to identify the factors which contribute to the employee satisfaction at different phases of careers (Ulrich and Brockbank, 2005). This research study will explore and investigate the factors responsible for the employee satisfaction at later stage of their career in Hong Kong. 1.2. Research Problem: The research problem which will be investigated in this research study is related to the factors and elements which are responsible for motivating and satisfying the employees at the later stage of their careers. It is im